NATCHATRAN -PREM ANANDH.J: 2 & 16 Marks Question Answers

NATCHATRAN-Dazzling in front of World

2 & 16 Marks Question Answers

Subject Code & Name: IT63 – Web Technology

Computer Science and Engineering

Prepared by: PREM ANANDH.J

PART-A

UNIT-I

1.What is the difference between node and host?

A node is any addressable device connected to a network whereas the host is a more specific descriptor that refers to a networked general-purpose computer rather than a single purpose device (such as a printer).

2. Define Protocol?

· A protocol is a formal set of rules that must be followed in order to communicate. The protocol determines the following:

· The type of error checking to be used

· Data Compression method, if any

· How the sending device will indicate that it has finished sending a message

· How the receiving device will indicate that it has received a message

3.What are the functions of a browser?

· 1.Automatic URL completion

· 2.Script execution

· 3.Event Handling

· 4.Secure Communication

· 5.Plug-in execution

4. Define a Port?

A port is a logical channel to an application running on a host. ie. The applications running on the host machines are uniquely identified by port numbers.

5. What do you mean byWell-Known Ports?

Port numbers can range from 1 to 65535, however ports 1 to 1023 are reserved. These reserved ports are referred to as we1l-known ports because the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority publicly documents the applications that use them.

6.What is W3C?

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)is a standardizing organization for web technologies-web technologies standardized by W3C are called Recommendations.

7. Define URI, URL, URN?

Ø URI (Uniform Resource Identifier): It identifies an object on the Internet.

Ø URL (Uniform Resource Locator): It is a specification for identifying an object such as a file, newsgroup, CGI program or e-mail address by indicating the exact location on the internet.

Ø URN (Uniform Resource Name): It is a method for referencing an object without declaring the full path to the object.

8. Define URL Encoding?

URL encoding involves replacing all unsafe and nonprintable characters with a percent sign (%) followed by two hexadecimal digits corresponding to the character's ASCII value.

9. List the goals of SGML?

Ø To manage the flow of millions of pages.

Ø For structuring information exchange

Ø For modeling inter-document linkages

Ø For managing information flows between departments and weapons systems

10. What is a Recommendation?

A Recommendation is not an actual software product, but a document that specifies technology’s role, syntax rules.

11. Define DTD?

A DTD is a set of rules that specifies how to use XML markup. It contains specifications for each element, including what the element's attributes are, what values the attributes can take on and what elements can be contained in others.

12. Name some browsers?

Microsoft Internet explorer, Netscape, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox.

13. Define MIME?

MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) is an open standard for sending multipart, multimedia data through Internet email.

14. What are the sequences of steps for each HTTP request from a client to the server?

Ø Making the connection

Ø Making a request

Ø The response

Ø Closing the connection

15. Define Encapsulation?

Placing the data inside a package of headers is known as encapsulation.

16. What is meant by Stateless Connection?

When a web server receives a HTTP request from a web browser it evaluates the request and returns the requested document, if it exists, and then breaks the HTTP connection. This document is preceded by the response header, which has details about how to display the document that will be sent by the server. Each time a request is made to the server, it is as if there was no prior connection and each request can yield only a single document. This is known as Stateless Connection.

17. Name some web servers?

Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS), Apache.

18. What are the common HTTP request types?

Ø Get

Ø Post

19.What is a GET request?

A get request typically gets information from a server. Common use of get requests is to retrieve an HTML document or an image.

20. What is a POST request?

A post request typically posts or sends data to a server. Common use of post requests is to

send information to server such as authentication information.

21. Name some Recommendations by W3C?

XHTML, CSS, HTML, XML.

22. Explain the syntax of <frame> tags in detail?

… <

frame name=” “

src=” “>

</frameset>

23. Name the three flavors of Document Type declaration?

Ø Strict

Ø Transitional

Ø Frameset

24. What are the three types of list supported by HTML?

Ø 1.Unordered

Ø 2.Ordered

Ø 3.Definition

25. Define an HTML Form?

An HTML Form is used to allow a user to input data on a web page. The value of the required action attribute specifies a URL to which the information collected on the form should be sent when the user submits the form.

UNIT-II

1. What are Style Sheets?

Style sheets are collections of style information that are applied to plain text. Style information includes font attributes such as type size, special effects (bold ,italic,underline), color and alignment. Style sheets also provide broader formatting instructions by specifying values for quantities such as line spacing and left and right margins.

2. Give the elements to write a script?`

3. List down the ways of including style information in a document?

Ø Linked Styles -Style information is read from a separate file that is specified in the <LINK> tag

Ø Embedded Styles -Style information is defined in the document head using the <STYLE> and </STYLE> tags.

Ø Inline Styles -Style information is placed inside an HTML tag and applies to all content between that tag and it companion closing tag.

4. What is the use of method ParseInt?

PareseInt converts integer in string format to its corresponding numeric value.

5. Define cascading?

Cascading refers to a certain set of rules that browsers use to determine how to use the style information. Such a set of rules is useful in the event of conflicting style information because the rules would give the browser a way to determine which style is given precedence.

6. How will you create an array using JavaScript?

var newarray = new array (size);

7. What are the style precedence rules when using multiple approaches?

Inline styles override both linked style sheets and style information stored in the document head with <STYLE> tag Styles defined in the document head override linked style sheets.

Linked style sheets override browser defaults.

8. Give some methods of String Object?

concat(string), indexOf(string, start), lastIndexOf(string, start), substr(start, length), substring(start, end), toLowercase(), toUpperCase(),split(token)

9. List down font characteristics permitted in Style Sheets.

Ø font-family

Ø font-size

Ø font-weight

Ø font-style

Ø font-variant

10. Give some methods of Date Object?

getDate(), gatDay(), getHours(), getMonth(), getMinutes(), getSeconds(), hetFullYear()

11. Define Scriptlets?

Scriptlets enable you to create small, reusable web applications that can be used in any web page. Scriptlets are created using HTML, scripting and Dynamic HTML. To include them in an HTML document use the <OBJECT> tag.

12.What are the three values the user defined compare function for sorting array should return?

Ø A negative value if the first argument is less than the second

Ø Zero if both argument are equal

Ø A positive value if the first argument is greater than the second

13. Give some methods of Document Object?

write (), writeln(), cookie

14.Write a script to display the position of mouse click?

<html>

<head>

function start()

{ alert (event.offsetX+","+event.offsetY);

}

</script>

</head>

<p>Welcome to our Web page!</p>

</body>

</html>

15. Give some methods of window object?

Open (url, name, options), prompt (message, default), close(), focus()

16. How will you create an event for an element?

//code to handle event

</script>

17. What is Margin Collapse?

When two consecutive block boxes are rendered(the first on top of second),a special rule called margin collapse is used to determine the vertical separation between the boxes. The bottom margin of the first box and the top margin of the second box are collapsed into a single margin.

18. List the JavaScript global objects?

escape, eval, isFinite, isNan, parseFloat, parseInt, unEscape

19.What is Half-Leading?

If the height of a line box is greater than the character cell height, then the character cells are vertically centered within the line box. The distance between the top of a character cell and the top of a line box is called half-leading.

20. Define CSS shortcut property?

It is a property that allows values to be specified for several nonshorthand properties with a single declaration. Example: line-height property.

UNIT-III

1. What is a DOM?

A Document Object Model is an application programming interface that defines how javascript programs can access and manipulate the HTML document currently displayed by a browser.

2. What is an Event?

An event in a browser is an occurrence of potential interest. Example events are the mouse moving over an element. a mouse button being clicked, or a key being pressed. Each type of event has an abbreviated name associated with it.

3. Define Intrinsic Event handling.

Browser-based java script programs are event-driven.ie, the java script functions are called in response to various user actions, such as clicking a button, or moving the mouse over a certain element.

4. What is Event listener in DOM?

An event listener is a function that takes a single argument that is an instance of Event. A call to the addEventListener () method on a node object associates an event listener with a type of event occurring on that node.

5. Differentiate Dynamic document with Static document?

An HTML document that contains scripting is called a dynamic document whereas a simple HTML document without scripting is known as a static document.

6. What are the stages in a Servlet life cycle?

Ø init()

Ø service()

Ø destroy()

7. What are Servlets?

A small program that runs on a server, the term usually refers to a Java applet that runs within a Web server environment. This is analogous to a Java applet that runs within a Web browser environment. Java servlets are becoming increasingly popular as an alternative to CGI programs. The biggest difference between the two is that a Java applet is persistent.

8. What do you mean by Server-side?

Occurring on the server side of a client-server system. For example, on the World Wide Web, CGI scripts are server-side applications because they run on the Web server. In contrast, JavaScript scripts are client-side because they are executed by your browser (the client). Java applets can be either server-side or client- side depending on which computer (the server or the client) executes them.

9. What is a Session?

A collection of HTTP requests all associated with a single session ID is known as a session. Each HTTP request is examined by the server to see if it contains a special identifier known as a session ID.

10. What are Cookies?

A cookie is a Name-value pair that a web server sends to a client machine as part of an HTTP response, specifically through the Set-Cookie header field. Browsers will store the cookie pairs found in the response in a file on the client machine.

11. Define a Thread?

A thread is the java VM’s abstract representation of the processing to be performed to accomplish a particular task, possibly concurrently with other tasks.

12. Give the examples of the types of information that are not part of a thread’s state.

Ø Instance Variables

Ø Class variables

Ø Files,databases,other servers and any resource external to the java VM

13. When the threads are said to be deadlocked?

Once an application has two or more locks, it is possible to reach a state in which there are two threads, each holding a lock for which the other is waiting. The threads are said to be deadlocked and neither will complete execution.

14. What is rollover effect?

An image changes when we place the mouse over it,and changes back when the mouse moves away from the image.

15. Give the functions of the HTML Intrinsic Event attributes “onmousedown” and

“onmouseup”?

“onmousedown”-The mouse has been clicked over the element

“onmouseup”-The mouse has been released over the element.

16. Define a bubbling listener.

A bubbling listener is a listener associated with the ancestor of the target node and that was created with a call to addEventlistener() that had its third argument set to false.

17. What are the actions involved in a doGet()method?

Ø Set the HTTP Content-Type header of the response.

Ø Obtain a PrintWriter object from the HttpServletResponse parameter object.

Ø Output a valid HTML document to the PrintWriter object.

Ø Close the PrintWriter object.

18. Illustrate the general steps to run a servlet.

Ø Compile the servlet using an appropriate compiler version.

Ø Copy the resulting .class file to the appropriate directory for our java-servlet capable server.

Ø Start the server

Ø Navigate to the URL corresponding to the servlet.

19. Define a parameter name or value?

A parameter name or value can be composed of any sequence of 8-bit characters, including control characters and other nonprinting characters. if a name or value contains any nonalphanumeric characters then the name or value will undergo a transformation known as url encoding.

20. How to terminate a Session?

The Http Session interface defines a setMaxInactiveInterval(int interval)method that takes an integer argument interval representing a number of seconds. if more than interval seconds elapse between any two HTTP requests to the servlet from the user represented by this Http Session object, then the users session will expire before the second of these two requests can be processed.

21.Define the function of HttpServletRequest Methods”StringBuffer getRequestURL( )”

Return a string buffer containing the URL used to access this servlet, excluding any query string appended to the URL as well as any jsessionidpath parameter.

UNIT-IV

1. Define Java Server Pages?

It can be defined as one instantiation of a class of related technologies that facilitate separate development of a website’s presentation and logic. The key contribution of these technologies is to embed program code related to presentation within a document.

2. What is a Scriplet?

A Scriplet is a fragment of java code that is embedded within the JSP document.

3. What are the drawbacks of two-step approach in JSP over direct interpretation?

Ø Debugging

Ø Delay during the first time a JSP document is requested.

4. Define a Web Application?

To implement larger tasks, a large collection of resources such as Servlets,JSP documents, Utility and Support Java Classes, Static HTML documents, Style Sheets, JavaScript files, Images are needed that work together in order to provide what appears to an end user to be a single software application.. Such a collection of resources is known as a web application..

5. Write the steps for installing a Web Application?

Ø Create a directory under the webapps subdirectory.

Ø Place the JSP document in the new subdirectory.

Ø Deploy the application to the sever.

6. What is meant by deploying the application to the server?

During the installation of a web application, after loading the JSP document in the subdirectory, the server have to be notified that a new web application is available. This step is known as deploying the application to the server.

7. Define a Deployment Descriptor?

The value to be displayed in the Display Name field is one of the pieces of information that can be associated with a web application through an XML document called a deployment descriptor.

8. Specify the use of the deployment descriptor element “login-config”?

It defines how the container should request user-name and password information when a user attempts to access a protected resource.

9. How a URL pattern is interpreted?

When the server receives a request for a URL,it first selects the web application that will handle this request. It chooses the application that has the longest context path matching a prefix of the path portion of the URL.

10. Name the three types of information available in a valid JSP document?

Ø 1.JSP markup

Ø 2.Expression Language(EL)expressions

Ø 3.Template data

11. What are the two contexts by which an EL expression can be invoked?

Ø 1.Within template data

Ø 2.Within certain attribute values in JSP markup

12. What are the Literals that can be used in a EL?

Ø 1.The Booleans-True and False

Ø 2.Decimal,Integer and Floating point

Ø 3.Reserved word-Null

13. Name the reserved words in EL?

1.and 2.div 3.empty 4.eq 5.false 6.ge 7.gt 8.not 9.null

14. What is the function of EL implicit objects pageScope and requestScope?

pageScope-Values accessible via calls to page.getAttribute()

requestScope- Values accessible via calls to requestpage.getAttribute()

15. Name the two types of directives available for use in a JSP document?

Ø Page-The page directive(directive. page element) has a variety of attributes that may be set.

Ø Include-The include directive(directive. include element) imports text from another file into the JSP document at the point at which the directive appears.

16. What is known as a Translation Unit?

A top-level JSP document plus all of the segments it includes either directly or indirectly through include directives in segments is known as a translation unit, because the translator effectively assembles all of the text from these files into a single JSP document which is then translated.

17. What are the three categories of JSP element types?

Ø Scripting

Ø Directive

Ø Action

18. Explain the JSP action element?

It is an element that is translated into javaservlet code that performs some action. These elements provide standard actions ie, the actions that are required by the JSP specification to be provided by any JSP-compliant container. The JSP tag library mechanism allows additional action elements to be used within a JSP document, which provide custom actions.

19. Give some JSTL Core actions and their functions.

set-Assign a value to a scoped variable

remove-Destroy a Scoped variable

url-Create a URL with query string

forEach-Iterate over a collection of items

20. Define a Scoped variable.

It is a non implicit EL variable, that is an attribute of one of the page ,request ,session,or application objects. The object containing the attribute is called the scope of the variable and hence the name scoped variable

21. Define JavaBeans Technology.

A simple mechanism to call java methods from within a JSP document.JSP provides such a mechanism through its support for JavaBeans classes.If a java class is written so as to conform with certain aspects of the JavaBeans Specification,the certain methods of this class can be called from a JSP document.

22. Describe the Model-View-Controller paradigm.

Most real-world web applications are much larger and may contain a large number of components such as Servlets and JSP documents and numerous support files such as JavaBeans classes. While there are many possible ways of organizing the components and support files for such an application, one approach called the model-view-controller paradigm is widely used in one form or another in many web applications.

23. Define PHP:Hypertext Preprocessor.

PHP is a Perl-like scripting language that can be embedded in HTML documents much as Java Scriplets can be embedded in JSP pages or scripting code in ASP. The syntax<?php…?> can be used to embed PHP code which means that an XML parser will interpret the tags as XML processing instructions with target php.

24. Define ColdFusion®.

It is the technology for embedding program logic in HTML documents. All program logic is embedded as XML elements, so a Cold Fusion document is XML compatible. A ColdFusion document may also contain expressions enclosed in # characters, which are evaluated when a ColdFusion document is requested and replaced with the values obtained.

UNIT-V

1. Define a Web Service.

A web service is a server application that uses HTTP to accept and return SOAP documents, where the content of the documents is specified by a WSDL document that uses embedded XML Schema markup to define data types.

2. Describe the implementation of Web Service.

A web service servlet accepts HTTP requests from clients and provides an HTTP response for each request received. It expects that each HTTP request it receives will contain a SOAP XML document in the body of the request. This SOAP document specifies an operation to be performed by the web service and supplies input data for that operation.

3. Define a WSDL.

A Web service definition language document for a web service identifies the operations provided by the web service, what the input data to each operation is, and what output data is produced by the operation.

4. What is known as the Service Endpoint Interface?

The starting point for writing a web service using the JWSDP 1.3 tools is writing a Java interface that specifies the operations that will be provided by the service(essentially an API for the service).This is known as the service endpoint interface.

5. Write the basic rules for service endpoint interface.

Ø The interface must extend the java.rmi.Remote interface

Ø Every method in the interface must throw java.rmi.RemoteException

Ø Every method parameter and every return value must conform to certain restrictions on the allowed data types

Ø The interface must not contain any public static final declarations.

6. Define XML Schema.

XML schema defines the structure of XML documents. A key contribution of XML schema is its definition of a collection of standard data types. Each data type definition includes a specification of the range of values that can be represented by the data type and details on how to represent those values as strings.

7. What is a deployment descriptor?

Deployment descriptor specifies various configuration parameters.

8. Define Simple Object Access Protocol.(SOAP).

SOAP is an XML vocabulary that can be used to communicate data and was originally designed for communicating structured data that might be found in object-oriented programs.

9. What is RPC Representation?

RPC is the generic term for the type of communication used for web service operations.The client makes a call to a method or procedure that resides on another machine.This concept has been implemented in many ways by many programming languages and operating systems.

10. Define a Struct?

A struct can be thought of as an instance of a class that consists entirely of public instance variables. It is simply a container in which data can be stored in named variables.

11. What is literal-encoding?

An encoding conforming with the XML schema contained in the we service’s WSDL over SOAP 1.1 encoding of data.A literal encoding is indicated within a WSDL by specifying literal for the use attribute of a soap:body element.

12.Name the two operations defined by WSDL 1.1.

Ø RPC

Ø Document

13. Define Serialization?

The flexibility in converting from an internal form of data to a SOAP representation is known as serialization and it comes at the price of forcing the software that deserializes a SOAP representation to be prepared to accept SOAP documents in a variety of forms.

14. Describe the Java support for SOAP?

Java provides support for creating and manipulating SOAP documents through SAAJ, the SOAP with Attachments API for Java technology. This API is included with JWSDP1.3.

15.What are Serializable objects?

When an object is serialized, the data contained within the object is transformed into a stream of bytes representing the data. This object data stream can then be stored in a file, transmitted over a communications network, or treated like any other stream of data.

16. Name the methods of HttpServletRequest interface?

String getParameter(string name), string[] getParameterValues(String name), cookie[] getCookies(), HttpSession getSession(boolen, create)

17.What are directives?

Directives are messages to the jsp container that enables the programmer to specify page settings, to include content from other resources and to specify custom-tag libraries for use in JSP.

18. Name the Header Child Element Attributes in SOAP?

Ø 1.must understand

Ø 2.encoding style

Ø 3.role

Ø 4.relay

19.What is the use of JSP?

JSP enable web application programmers to create dynamic content by reusing predefined components and by interacting with components using server side scripting.

20. Differentiate a Simple type with a Complex type

A simple type is a data type whose values are represented in XML documents by character data, while a complex type is represented using markup.

21. Define CDATA?

Character data(CDATA) is a text in a document that should not be parsed by the XML parser. Any entities included in the CDATA block will not be replaced by their value and

markup (such as HTML tags) will not be treated as markup.

22. Describe the structure of SOAP element?

It consists of the following:

· The SOAP envelope element

· The SOAP header element

· The SOAP body element

· The SOAP fault element

23. Define JAX-RPC?

JAX-RPC (Java API for XML-Based RPC) is an application program interface (API) in the Java Web Services Developer Pack (WSDP) that enables Java developers to include remote procedure calls (RPCs) with Web services or other Web-based applications. JAXRPC is aimed at making it easier for applications or Web services to call other applications or Web services.

24. What is SOAP Envelope element?

The required SOAP Envelope element is the root element of a SOAP message. This element defines the XML document as a SOAP message.

Example

<?xml version="1.0"?>

<soap:Envelope xmlns:soap="http://www.w3.org/2001/12/soapenvelope"

soap:encodingStyle="http://www.w3.org/2001/12/soap-encoding">

Message information goes here </soap:Envelope>

25. Define the SOAP Fault element?

The SOAP fault mechanism returns specific information about the error, including a predefined code, a description, the address of the SOAP processor that generated

· A SOAP Message can carry only one fault block

· Fault element is an optional part of SOAP Message

· SOAP fault is linked to the 500 to 599 range of status codes.

PART-B

UNIT-I

1. Explain the World Wide Web.

TheWorld Wide Web, the WWW, or the We b, is the largest, the fastest growing, and the most popular Internet service. In addition to text, it can display images, animations, sounds, and videos. To access the Web information you need:

(1) A connection to the Internet and

(2) A Web browser such as Netscape or Internet Explorer.

Web browser

A Web browser is a software program that allows you to view or "browse" individual pages on the Web. The computer running a Web browser is called a client machine (because it just requests and receives data) while the computer called server provides the data it stores.

Web page

AWeb page is a single electronic document written in HTML. Web pages vary in content, design, and size, depending on the purpose.

Web site

AWeb site may have one or more relatedWeb pages. The first page one sees in a website is called the home page. This page usually provides an overview of what you will find in the Web site and offers a list of items, which link to other pages on the site or to other Web sites.

Home Page

It is the web page that appears each time your Web browser (internet explorer). We can choose any page on the web to set as your home page.

HTML

HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language and it is the standard computer language used on the World Wide Web. The HTML code tells browsers (such as Explorer and Netscape) how Web pages should be presented. Web browsers then let you see the Web pages content.

Navigation Buttons

Allow you to move through information on the web (Back, Forward). You can even stop the transfer of a web page if it is taking a lot of time.

Hyperlinks

A web page contains a lot of text that is highlighted such that when you click on it can take you to another page. Hyperlinks allow you to move through a vast number of information on the internet by moving from one web page to another.

URL

Each Web page has its own address, or URL (Uniform Resource Locator). The URL identifies the location of each file on the WWW. Ex.www.aub.edu.lb

E-mail

The internet allows you to exchange electronic mail with people around the world.Electronic mail is fast, inexpensive, and saves paper. The most popular web-based email services are www.hot mail.com and www. yahoo.com.

Downloading software

Thousands of programs are available on the internet. The internet offers you the facility of downloading programs.

2. Explain HTTP Request and Response Message?

HTTP Request Message

The client initiates an HTTP session by opening a TCP connection to the HTTP server with which it wishes to communicate. It then sends request messages to the server, each of which specifies a particular type of action that the user of the HTTP client would like the server to take.

Requests can be generated either by specific user action (such as clicking a hyperlink in a Web browser) or indirectly as a result of a prior action (such as a reference to an inline image in an HTML document leading to a request for that image.) HTTP requests use a message format that is based on the generic message format described in the preceding topic, but specific to the needs of requests. The structure of this format is as follows :

<request-line>

<general-headers>

<request-headers>

<entity-headers>

<empty-line>[<message-body>][<message-trailers>]

HTTP Response Message

Each request message sent by an HTTP client to a server prompts the server to send back a response message. Actually, in certain cases the server may in fact send two responses, preliminary response followed by the real one. Usually though, one request yields one response, which indicates the results of the server's processing of the request, and often also carries an entity (file or resource) in the message body. Like requests, responses use their own specific message format that is based on the

HTTP generic message format. The format, shown is as follows:

<status-line>

<general-headers>

<response-headers>

<entity-headers>

<empty-line>[<message-body>][<message-trailers>]

3. Explain in detail about various protocols used in web technology?

HTTP

Ø Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the industry standard protocol for transferring web documents over the internet.

Ø The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an Application Layer protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems.

Ø HTTP is a request-response standard typical of client-server computing.

Ø In HTTP, web browsers or spiders typically act as clients, while an application running on the computer hosting the web site acts as a server.

Ø The client, which submits HTTP requests, is also referred to as the user agent. The responding server, which stores or creates resources such as HTML files and images, may be called the origin server

SMTP

Ø Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is used to send messages from server to server, most e-mail systems use SMTP

Ø Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is an Internet standard for electronic mail (email) transmission across nternet Protocol (IP) networks.

Ø SMTP was first defined in RFC 821 (STD 15) , and last updated by RFC5321 which includes the extended SMTP (ESMTP) additions, and is the protocol in widespread use today.

Ø SMTP is specified for outgoing mail transport and uses TCP port 25.

Ø While electronic mail servers and other mail transfer agents use SMTP to send and receive mail messages, user-level client mail applications typically only use SMTP for sending messages to a mail server for relaying.

POP3

Ø Post Office Protocol (POP3) services store email messages on a remote server until a user chooses to view the messages and download them onto a local machine

Ø POP and IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) are the two most prevalent Internet standard protocols for e-mail retrieval.

Ø Virtually all modern e-mail clients and servers support both. The POP protocol has been developed through several versions, with version 3 (POP3) being the current standard.

MIME

Ø Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) is an Internet standard that extends the format of e-mail to support

· Text in character sets other than ASCII

· Non-text attachments

· Message bodies with multiple parts

· Header information in non-ASCII character sets

Ø MIME's use, however, has grown beyond describing the content of e-mail to describing content type in general, including for the web

Ø Virtually all human-written Internet e-mail and a fairly large proportion of automated e-mail is transmitted via SMTP in MIME format. Internet e-mail is so closely associated with the SMTP and MIME standards that it is sometimes called SMTP/MIME e-mail.

Ø The content types defined by MIME standards are also of importance outside of e-mail, such as in communication protocols like HTTP for the World Wide Web. HTTP requires that data be transmitted in the context of e-mail-like messages, although the data most often is not actually e-mail.

IMAP

Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) mail services also store the e-mails on a remote server but allow users to manipulate e-mail messages directly on the server without downloading the message Into a local machine.

4. Describe HTML Forms with example.

HTML Forms are used to select different kinds of user input. HTML forms are used to pass data to a server. A form can contain input elements like text fields, checkboxes, radiobuttons, submit buttons and more. A form can also contain select lists, textarea, fieldset, legend, and label elements.The <form> tag is used to create an HTML form.

HTML Input Element

The most important form element is the input element. The input element is used to select user information.An input element can vary in many ways, depending on the type attribute. An input element can be of type text field, checkbox, password, radio button, submit button, and more.The most used input types are described below.

Text Fields

<input type="text" /> defines a one-line input field that a user can enter text into:

<form>

First name: <input type="text" name="firstname" /><br />

Last name: <input type="text" name="lastname" />

</form>

Password Field

<input type="password" /> defines a password field:

<form>

Password: <input type="password" name="pwd" />

</form>

Radio Buttons

<input type="radio" /> defines a radio button. Radio buttons let a user select only one of a

limited number of choices:

<form>

<input type="radio" name="sex" value="female" /> Female

</form>

Checkboxes

<input type="checkbox" /> defines a checkbox. Checkboxes let a user select one or more

options of a limited number of choices.

<form>

<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Car" /> I have a car

</form>

Submit Button

<input type="submit" /> defines a submit button.A submit button is used to send form data to

a server. The data is sent to the page specified in the form's action attribute. The file defined

in the action attribute usually does something with the received input:

Username: <input type="text" name="user" />

</form>

5. Differentiate Relative URLs with Absolute URL.

Absolute URL

An Absolute URL is independent or free from any relationship. When we use an absolute URL, it point directly to a file. Hence, an absolute URL specifies the exact location of a file/directory on the internet. It also follows that each absolute URL is unique, which means that if two URLs are identical, they point to the same file.

Example

http://www.webdevelopersnotes.com/images/email.gif specifies an image file email.gif located in the images directory, under www.webdevelopersnotes.com domain name.

Relative URL

A relative URL points to a file/directory in relation to the present file/directory.Partial internet address which points to a directory or file in relation to the current directory or file. When creating a link in a website's code, if just a filename is given without any other modifications, that is an indicator to find that file within the current directory and link to it. Modifiers can be added to a relative URL which indicate that the file is found in a higher directory, or code can be added to indicate that the file is in a deeper directory. Relative URLs are often easier to maintain than absolute URLs.

Using a Absolute URL in an <IMG>tag

imgsrc="http://www.webdevelopersnotes.com/images/email.gif"width="..."height="..."/>

Using a Relative URL in an<IMG>tag

UNIT-II

1.What are Literals in javascript?

Literals are the way you represent values in JavaScript. These are fixed values that we literally provide in your application source, and are not variables. Examples of literals include:

· 42

· 3.14159

· "To be or not to be"

Integers

Integers can be expressed in decimal (base 10), hexadecimal (base 16), or octal (base 8) format. A decimal integer literal consists of a sequence of digits (optionally suffixed as described below) without a leading 0 (zero). An integer can be expressed in octal or hexadecimal rather than decimal. A leading 0 (zero) on an integer literal means it is in octal; a leading 0x (or 0X) means hexadecimal. Hexadecimal integers can include digits (0-9) and the letters a-f and A-F. Octal integers can include only the digits 0-7.

FloatingPointLiterals

A floating point literal can have the following parts: a decimal integer, a decimal point ("."), a fraction (another decimal number), an exponent, and a type suffix. The exponent part is an "e" or "E" followed by an integer, which can be signed (preceded by a "+" or "-"). A floating point literal must have at least one digit, plus either a decimal point or "e" (or "E"). Some examples of floating point literals are:

· 3.1415

· -3.1E12

· .1e12

· 2E-12

Boolean Literals

The boolean type has two literal values: true and false.

String Literals

A string literal is zero or more characters enclosed in double (") or single (') quotes. A string must be delimited by quotes of the same type; that is, either both single quotes or double quotes. The following are examples of string literals:

· "blah"

· 'blah'

· "1234"

· "one line \n another line"

Special Characters

we can use the following special characters in JavaScript string literals:

· \b indicates a backspace.

· \f indicates a a form feed.

· \n indicates a new line character.

· \r indicates a carriage return.

· \t indicates a tab character.

2.Describe JavaScript Variables and DataTypes.

JavaScript DataTypes:

One of the most fundamental characteristics of a programming language is the set of data types it supports. These are the type of values that can be represented and manipulated

in a programming language.JavaScript allows to work with three primitive data types:

· Numbers eg. 123, 120.50 etc.

· Strings of text e.g. "This text string" etc.

· Boolean e.g. true or false.

JavaScript also defines two trivial data types, null and undefined, each of which defines only

a single value.In addition to these primitive data types, JavaScript supports a composite data

type known as object.

JavaScript Variables:

Like many other programming languages, JavaScript has variables. Variables can be thought of as named containers. We can place data into these containers and then refer to the data simply by naming the container. Before we use a variable in a JavaScript program, we must declare it. Variables are declared with the var keyword as follows:

<!--

var money;

var name;

//-->

</script>

We can also declare multiple variables with the same var keyword as follows:

script type="text/javascript">

<!--

var money, name;

//-->

</script>

3.Explain the CSS Box Model in detail.

All HTML elements can be considered as boxes. In CSS, the term "box model" is used when talking about design and layout.The CSS box model is essentially a box that wraps around HTML elements, and it consists of: margins, borders, padding, and the actual content.The box model allows us to place a border around elements and space elements in relation to other elements.The image below illustrates the box model:

Explanation of the different parts:

· Margin - Clears an area around the border. The margin does not have a background color, it is completely transparent

· Border - A border that goes around the padding and content. The border is affected by the background color of the box

· Padding - Clears an area around the content. The padding is affected by the background color of the box

· Content - The content of the box, where text and images appear

4.Describe the CSS Border Style Properties:

The border-style property can have from one to four values.

· border-style:dotted solid double dashed;

o top border is dotted

o right border is solid

o bottom border is double

o left border is dashed

· border-style:dotted solid double;

o top border is dotted

o right and left borders are solid

o bottom border is double

· border-style:dotted solid;

o top and bottom borders are dotted

o right and left borders are solid

· border-style:dotted;

o all four borders are dotted

5.Explain CSS Text Properties?

Text Color

-The color property is used to set the color of the text. The color can be specified by:

name – a color name, like “red”

RGB – an RGB value, like “rgb(255,0,0)”

Hex – a hex value, like “#ff0000”

-The default color for a page is defined in the body selector.

Text Alignment

-The text-align property is used to set the horizontal alignment of a text.

-Text can be centered, or aligned to the left or right, or justified.

-When text-align is set to “justify”, each line is stretched so that every line has equal width, and the left and right margins are straight (like in magazines and newspapers).

Text Decoration

-The text-decoration property is used to set or remove decorations from text.

-The text-decoration property is mostly used to remove underlines from links for design purposes:

Text Transformation

-The text-transform property is used to specify uppercase and lowercase letters in a text.It can be used to turn everything into uppercase or lowercase letters, or capitalize the first letter of each word.

Text Indentation

-The text-indentation property is used to specify the indentation of the first line of a text.

UNIT-III

1. Design a web page to detect the visitor’s browser name and version?

<html>

<body>

document.write("Browser CodeName: " + navigator.appCodeName);